Hijri Calendar. Dating system based on the Hijri calendar months from phase changes reveal a thin crescent moon or new moon to the next. A new moon period is equal to one sinodis month period, the length of 29.5306 days. Unlike the Gregorian calendar used worldwide for administrative purposes, the calendar month is generally used for religious rituals and traditions. The two calendars, one year together consist of 12 months. A Hijra year has 12 months or sinodis period 354.366 days. Rounded so 354 days or 355 days for leap year
Gregorian calendar based on the circulation of the Earth around the sun from a certain point called solistis or equinox back to that point. Long journey around the sun Earth 365.2422 days, is called a tropical year, rounded to 365 days or 366 days for leap year.
Different numbers of days in a year Hijri and AD led implementation Ramadan, the celebration of Eid al-Fitr, and Eid al-Adha is always 10-12 days forward from the previous year. Excess of 10 days more advanced happen if the Hijri calendar year is a leap year and the year of our Lord it is a common year or a year Basit (short). Advanced 12 days while the difference occurs if the Hijri year is the year of his usual and the year of our Lord it is a leap year
Use Calendar. According Bosscha Observatory researcher and lecturer at the Graduate Calendar System Astronomy Institute of Technology Bandung, Moedji Rahardjo, month calendar system is widely used because of consistent and regular. Moon phase occurs over and over: the new moon crescent young-half-month early-moon half-moon late-old crescent-moon die and come back periodically to the new moon. "Change the face of the moon on a regular basis in the sky that night and recorded our ancestors created the calendar month," he said. The system calendar using month as the reference is called lunar month (itmar / qamariyah). Calendar of Japan also uses the periodicity of the appearance of the moon.
Dates are using the Sun as a benchmark, that is the Gregorian calendar or a Christian or a lunar calendar the sun (solar / syamsiyah). While the Chinese calendar and the Jewish dating system combines the sun and moon together or use a sun-moon calendar system (luni-solar). Calendar month of more modest than the solar calendar.
Before you set as the Hijri calendar, Arabic and Muslim communities at the time of Prophet Muhammad have been using this system, but have not been standardized. New at the Caliph Omar ibn Khattab, dating system was standardized. The starting point used is the time of the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina, to coincide with in 622 AD. Therefore, in the Islamic calendar is called Hijri year. Gregorian calendar was developed from the Julian calendar system at the time of Julius Caesar, in 45 BC. In this calendar, one year exactly 365.25 days, rounded to 365 days. Four years the number of days to 366 days, called leap years. However, the length of one tropical year is actually 365.2422 days. As a result, the Julian calendar every 128 years forward one day than it should. It resulted in the withdrawal, the time of Passover. According to the provisions, Easter falls the first Sunday after the first full moon after the sun is on the point of vernal equinox (spring point) on 21 March.
To overcome it, the point should be returned for the spring right on 21 March. So, need to be a reduction of days in the Gregorian calendar. In 1582 perform the correction. With reference to the Council of Nice that defines the point of spring on March 21, 325, then to return March 21, 1582 exactly at the point of the spring, the number of days in that year should be cut 10 days. As a result, after the date of October 4, 1582 immediately jumped to the date of October 15, 1582. That is, on 5-14 October 1582 did not exist.
Amendments are also made to the length of one tropical year Julian calendar. Improvement was filed physicist from Naples, Aloysius Lilius, using a long period of tropical year is 365.2425 days.
Repairs also carried out on a leap year, the year is divisible by four and the year is divisible by 400. However, years divisible by 100 is not called a leap year. This system adopted by Pope Gregory XIII. That's why dating system is known as the Gregorian calendar system, which is now the most widely used for public purposes throughout the world today.
For adherents rukyat method, how rukyat only used to determine the initial month of Ramadan, Shawwal, and Zulhujah. This was done because in these months there is confirmation mandatory provisions that must be Muslims. While the other nine months, beginning month simply done by counting the moon was formed, without the need proved. If the new moon is visible before sunset, the night was also the beginning of Hijra began.
It must be remembered that the origin of the Hijrah calendar begins after sundown, not at 00.00 as substitute for public calendar days of the day. In short, the beginning of the day begins after sunset watu.
Thin crescent is visible after the conjunction or ijtimak, ie when the moon and the sun is located in the same ecliptic longitude, in astronomy, it was used as a marker of the arrival of the new moon phase (NewMoon). Ecliptic is the apparent longitude is apparent path of all heavenly bodies surrounding a particular celestial bodies. Determination of positions of celestial bodies that use certain coordinates similar to the determination of the place on Earth using longitude and latitude.
Effect of Various Conditions. New moon's presence and existence of the new moon can be calculated with high precision, high magnitude Namely moon above the horizon, the position of the sun, moon light scale length of the new moon appeared. however, the question of observing the new moon not a simple issue. Sighting the new moon is strongly influenced by weather conditions, the condition of the Earth's atmosphere, and location of observation. This is what makes it difficult to give accurate information when the new moon will begin. Lack of understanding and accuracy in observing the new moon can also cause errors. Could be thin bright light in the sky which was supposed moon was not the real moon. Celestial bodies that could disturb the observation of a planet or moon can be a bright star that happened to be near the position of the Moon.
Early Moon. In general, there are three ways of determining the beginning of the month that is used by Islamic mass organizations in Indonesia, namely with rukyatul moon or look at the new moon, made by NU; reckoning Wujudul moon or new moon adopted for calculating the formation of Muhammadiyah, as well as the criteria used imkanur rukyat Ministry of Religious Affairs Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Criteria for applying minimum limit imkanur rukyat moon can be seen. This method is obtained by combining data rukyat long-term results are supported by data reckoning. Minimum requirements of the new moon can be observed now in use is high moon when the sun goes down at least 2 degrees of arc and the distance between the Moon and the Sun at least 3 degrees. At sunset, moon age minimum is eight hours after ijtimak.
Although an integrator between reckoning and rukyat methods, criteria and still generate debate.
Therefore this system is also widely rejected, either based on how well hisab.Di rukyat out three criteria, a number of Islamic organizations also the method of calculating the early months of their own. This condition makes the beginning of Ramadhan, Idul Fitri and Idul Fitri in Indonesia is often different.
Initial determination of the unification effort Hijri month has tried by various parties, astronomers, astronomy researchers, as well as religious leaders. However, pooling the efforts it is still difficult to do because every group sticking to the criteria dianutnya. The criteria that they hold they deem most in accordance with the religion which he believed
Discussion. Determination of the different ways can disatukan.Menurut Field Research Professor of Astronomy and Geophysics Institute of Aeronautics and Space Agency (LAPAN), who is also member of the Board Hisab Rukyat Ministry of Religious Affairs, Thomas Djamaluddin said, a system of public calendar will be accepted if it meets the three factors, the criteria used in the calendar, the enforceability of the calendar, and there is authority that sets the calendar. In Indonesia, the factor has been agreed and the authorities are the Ministry of Religious Affairs. However, the beginning of the month criteria still differ between the opinions of the NU, Muhammadiyah and the Government. Muhammadiyah wear wujudul criteria hilal, hilal NU uses a high criterion of at least two degrees above the horizon, while the Ministry of Religious use MABIMS criterion, namely height of the new moon at least 2 degrees, the distance the eyes of the day and month of at least 3 degrees, and umm hilal at least 8 hours. Rukyat reckoning method and could be combined, he said. He proposed criteria reckoning rukyat Indonesia, namely the new moon to new moon is observed when the minimum altitude at 4 degrees and a minimum distance of the moon from the sun is 6.4 degrees. Criteria were based on data obtained reckoning and Indonesian and international rukyat combined with astronomical observations so far. Hilal difficult to observe
if below 4 degrees and the distance is too close to the sun. Criteria include the possibility of the proposal was already a dim moon light that can be lost by the scattering of sunlight in Earth's atmosphere
Ramadan 1431 H. Based on data from Directorate General of Ministry of Religious Guidance Islama Society,
ijtimak beginning of Ramadan 1431 H or to coincide with Tuesday, August 10, 2010 occurred on 29 Sha'ban 1431 H coincides with Tuesday, August 10, 2010 at 10:09 pm. When the sun set that day, the height of the new moon in Indonesia Indonesia is located between 1 degree 15 minutes and 2 degrees 50 minutes.
although the initial decision still had to wait for confirmation ramadhan (determination), Ministry of Religious Affairs on Tuesday
August 10, 2010. Based on experience, observation reports the new moon as mentioned above, chances are 1 Syawal 1431 H fall to coincide with Wednesday 11 August 2010. That is, prayer is estimated terawih started on Tuesday night.
Notices Muhamadyah central leadership has set August 11 as the first of Ramadan. based on the calculation Muhamadyah, high moon in Yogyakarta at sunset on August 10 was 2 degrees 30 minutes 3 seconds. That means it was a form of the new moon. The position of the new moon in the whole of Indonesia was on the horizon at sunset. Moreover, the data computation of Lajnah Nahdatul Ulama also mentioned the same thing, namely 1 Syawal falls on 11 August. High time the new moon was observed in Jakarta on August 10 has reached 2 degrees 22 minutes 16 seconds.
Congratulations met with Ramadan, I hope we can meet again with the month of Ramadan that will come with similar problems.
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